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<text id=90TT1105>
<title>
Apr. 30, 1990: A Sizzling Scientific Debate
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Apr. 30, 1990 Vietnam 15 Years Later
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
ENVIRONMENT, Page 84
A Sizzling Scientific Debate
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Skeptics claim that the evidence for global warming is not so
hot
</p>
<p>By Charles P. Alexander--Reported by Michael Duffy and Glenn
Garelik/Washington
</p>
<p> Environmentalists staged Earth Day to dramatize a simple
message: The planet is threatened by a host of man-made ills,
from toxic landfills to ozone depletion. But at least one part
of the message--the theory that the buildup of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will cause global
warming--has come under considerable attack. A small but
vocal group of scientists contends that the case for warming
is sketchy and based on inadequate computer models.
</p>
<p> Forces within the White House, led by chief of staff John
Sununu, have seized upon the debate and persuaded President
Bush to take a cautious approach to the problem. While not
dismissing the greenhouse threat, the President has emphasized
the need for more scientific research to help determine the
proper policy response. This go-slow approach has irritated
government officials in several other countries, especially in
Western Europe. As the Europeans point out, many scientists
still fear that global warming could take place unless strong
action is taken to prevent it.
</p>
<p> Last week representatives from 18 nations gathered in
Washington for a global-warming conference set up by the White
House. The Administration had hoped to get a debate going on
the uncertainties of the greenhouse effect. Instead, most of
the delegates appeared to agree that the global-warming threat
is real and potentially serious. In the face of this strong
sentiment, President Bush denied that he was taking global
warming too lightly. The President reconfirmed a U.S. pledge to
cooperate in a United Nations effort to forge an international
agreement on dealing with climate change.
</p>
<p> The greenhouse dilemma illustrates the difficulty of setting
policy based on uncertain projections of the future. Scientists
generally agree that an unchecked accumulation of greenhouse
gases will eventually lead to warming, but no one knows when
it will start, how much will take place or how rapidly it will
occur. The most widely accepted estimate is a rise in the
earth's average temperature of 1.5 degrees C to 4.5 degrees C
(3 degrees F to 8 degrees F) as early as 2050. An increase in
the upper part of that range could produce disastrous climatic
effects, including rising sea levels and severe droughts in
some areas.
</p>
<p> But the computer models that make the projections may not
accurately reflect such factors as the role of clouds and the
heat-absorbing capacity of the oceans. As these phenomena are
better understood, warming projections will undoubtedly be
revised in one direction or another.
</p>
<p> Evidence that greenhouse warming has already started is at
best tenuous. Even though some scientists believe the
concentration of CO2 in the air has shot up 25% since the early
1800s, the average global temperature has risen by no more than
0.5 degrees C (1.1 degrees F), and even that measurement is
suspect. Moreover, the rise has been uneven. From about 1940
to 1970, a cooling period inspired some forecasters to predict
a return of the ice ages.
</p>
<p> Despite the uncertainties, there is a broad consensus that
nations should slow down the rate at which they are changing
the atmosphere. Said West German Environment Minister Klaus
Topfer at the Washington conference: "Worldwide action against
the climatic threat is urgently required, even if the
complicated scientific interrelationships of climatic change
have not been fully understood."
</p>
<p> To his credit, Bush has already taken several steps that
will help combat global warming. Among other things, the White
House has 1) earmarked $1 billion for global climate research
next year; 2) committed the U.S. to phasing out production of
chlorofluorocarbons, potent greenhouse gases, by the year 2000;
and 3) vowed to plant a billion trees, which would absorb CO2
from the air. But Administration officials admit that Bush
advanced most of the measures for reasons other than reducing
global warming. And environmentalists argue that the Government
should do much more to discourage the burning of fossil fuels.
Among the possibilities: raise the gasoline tax or use
financial incentives to encourage people to buy smaller, more
efficient cars.
</p>
<p> The White House, however, worries about the economic
consequences of forcing sudden, drastic curbs in fossil-fuel
use. From the Administration's point of view, draconian action
seems highly debatable so long as the scientific evidence for
the greenhouse effect is sketchy. "We are not at the point
where we can bet the economy," says a Sununu aide.
</p>
<p> That may be so. The Administration is wise to consider the
possible economic damage before committing itself to a major
reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. But surely the
Government can safely do much more than it has already done to
spur energy conservation. It is possible to buy a great deal
of insurance against global warming without sabotaging the
economy.
</p>
<p>THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT:
</p>
<p> THE THEORY...
</p>
<p> 1. Energy from sunlight heats the earth's surface. At the
same time, the earth cools itself by giving off infrared
radiation. Some of this radiation escapes into space, but some
is trapped by the atmosphere and continues to heat the earth.
</p>
<p> 2. The continuous buildup of carbon dioxide and other gases
in the atmosphere enhances its tendency to trap heat and could
lead to global warming. But no one knows how rapidly the
warming will occur, and other factors may offset it.
</p>
<p> ...SOME UNCERTAINTIES
</p>
<p> 3. One uncertainty involves the role of clouds. A warming
trend could cause more water to evaporate and increase the
earth's cloud cover. That, in turn, could reduce the amount of
sunlight reaching the earth's surface, which would have a
cooling effect that would counteract the warming.
</p>
<p> 4. Oceans have a greater ability to retain heat than
land-masses do. It is possible that for the immediate future,
the oceans will absorb enough heat to keep the atmosphere from
warming substantially.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>